Egon (et al), Here is a Canadian source on castration in beef.
http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/...cts/07-029.htm
I don't care where info comes from so long as I am convinced of its quality. No one country has an exclusive on knowledge.
This site seems to agree with the sum total (not that terrifically extensive) of the info I have read that I thought came from properly informed sources.
Here is another source: http://www.ansi.okstate.edu/research/2001rr/48/48.htm
OSU is Oklahoma State University which is the top echelon of our county extension agents.
Pat